Solar Materials

Synonyms
1-[3-(Methoxycarbonyl)propyl]-1-phenyl-[6.6]C61, 3′H-Cyclopropa[1,9] [5,6]fullerene-C60-Ih-3′-butanoic acid 3′-phenyl methyl ester, PCBM, [60]PCBM

General Description
[6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) is a methanofullerene that has a better diffusion in organic molecules than fullerenes(C60). It has high electron mobility which allows it to be used as an electron acceptor in major electrochemical applications.

Applications
Soluble n-channel organic semiconductor. For use as an n-type layer in plastic electronics, especially bulk heterojunction OFETs and photovoltaic cells (PVs).
[60]PCBM is an n-type semi-conductor widely used as an a electron transport material with low cost and high surface area in different energy based applications like organic photovoltaics (OPVs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), organic field effect transistors (OFETs) and photodetectors

Synonyms
1-[3-(Methoxycarbonyl)propyl]-1-phenyl-[6.6]C61, 3′H-Cyclopropa[1,9] [5,6]fullerene-C60-Ih-3′-butanoic acid 3′-phenyl methyl ester, PCBM, [60]PCBM

General Description
[6,6]-Phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester ([60]PCBM) is a methanofullerene that has a better solubility in organic solvents than fullerenes(C60). It has high electron mobility, which enables its function as an electron acceptor in electrochemical applications.

Applications
Soluble n-channel organic semiconductor. For use as an n-type layer in plastic electronics, especially bulk heterojunction OFETs and photovoltaic cells (PVs).
[60]PCBM is an n-type semi-conductor widely used as an electron transport material with low cost and high surface area in different energy based applications like organic photovoltaics (OPVs), perovskite solar cells (PSCs), field effect transistors (FETs) and photodetectors

Synonyms
4,4,10,10-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-5,11-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-4,10-dihydrodithienyl[1,2-b:4,5b′ ]benzodithiophene-2,8-diyl)bis(2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-5,6-dichloro-1-ylidene)malononitrile), NFA147, PCE147

CAS No
2197167-51-2

General Description
BT-CIC is a highly efficient, ultra-narrow bandgap, NIR absorbing, non-fullerene acceptor, designed to use in high performance organic photovoltaic devices.
A recently reported tandem cell, employing BT-CIC as the non-fullerene acceptor and PCE-10 as donor for the back cell showed an PCE of 15%.

Device performance:
Tandem [Front] (170 nm DTDCPB:C70 + ARC) [Back]PCE-10:BTCIC (1:1.5, 75 nm)
Jsc=13.3 ± 0.3 mA/cm2
Voc=1.59 ± 0.01 V
FF=0.71± 0.01
PCE=15.0% ± 0.3%
ARC: an antireflection coating

Synonyms
Cesium monoiodide

General Description
Cesium iodide anhydrous can be used as a precursor or component in the synthesis of the perovskite absorber layer in perovskite solar cells. By introducing cesium iodide into the perovskite composition, the bandgap of the material can be tuned to better match the solar spectrum, optimizing the light absorption and energy conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Cesium iodide finds application in synthesis of perovksites based photovoltaic materials. Our perovskite grade CsI can readily be dissolved in 1:1 vol DMF/DMSO to yield 1M solution.

Features & Benefits
Frequently used in devices such as phosphor screens for medical imaging, scintillators, calorimeters and a variety of particle detectors.

Packing
Packaged in ampules

Legal Information
AnhydroBeads is a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC

Synonyms
2,2′-[[4,4,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-4,11-dihydrothieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3-d]thieno[2′′′′,3′′′′:4′′′,5′′′]thieno[2′′′,3′′′:4′′,5′′]pyrano[2′′,3′′:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2-b]pyran-2,9-diyl]bis[methylidyne(5,6-difluoro, NFA146, O6T-4F, PCE146

CAS No
2184266-44-0

General Description
COi8DFIC or O6T-4F is a highly efficient, n-type, low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor with strong NIR absorption.
In a recent study, COi8DFIC or O6T-4F was selected in a Tandem cell by computer assited design and gave a record PCE of 17.3∃% for fabricated organic solar cells.
COi8DFIC or O6T-4F is frequently selected to blend with a narrow-bandgap donor material and another narrow bandgap acceptor material to fabricate ternary organic solar cells. The PTB7-Th:COi8DFIC:PC71BM ternary cells offered a PCE of 14.08%. By further adopting a post-annealing process, an outstanding PCE of 14.62% can be achieved. Furthermore, the device utilizing COi8DFIC exhibited a good thermal stability with PCEs over 13.5% in a wide temperature range (70–160 °C).

Application
COi8DFIC is primarily utilized as a non-fullerene acceptor in OPV devices. It exhibits a broad absorption spectrum, enabling it to absorb light across a wide range of wavelengths, including the visible and near-infrared regions. This property allows for efficient utilization of a broader range of solar radiation, enhancing the light-harvesting capability of the OPV device. COi8DFIC can be employed as the electron transport material in OFET devices.
COi8DFIC or O6T-4F is a highly efficient, n-type, low-bandgap nonfullerene acceptor with strong NIR absorption
In a recent study, COi8DFIC or O6T-4F was selected in a Tandem cell by computer assited design and gave a record PCE of 17.3% for fabricated organic solar cells.

Tandem Cell Device performance:
ITO/ZnO/PFN-Br/PBDB-T:F-M/M-PEDOT/ZnO/PTB7- Th:O6T-4F:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag
Voc=1.642 V
Jsc=14.35 mA/cm2
FF=73.7%
PCE=17.3%
COi8DFIC or O6T-4F is frequently selected to blend with a narrow-bandgap donor material and another narrow bandgap acceptor material to fabricate ternary organic solar cells. The PTB7-Th:COi8DFIC:PC71BM ternary cells offered a PCE of 14.08%. By further adopting a post-annealing process, an outstanding PCE of 14.62% can be achieved. Furthermore, the device utilizing COi8DFIC exhibited a good thermal stability with PCEs over 13.5% in a wide temperature range (70-160 °C).

Device structure:
ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th:COi8DFIC:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag
Before annealing
Voc=0.702 V
Jsc=27.74 mA/cm2
FF=0.701
PCE=13.65%

After annealing at 80°C
Voc=0.727 V
Jsc=27.39 mA/cm2
FF=0.734
PCE=14.62%
COi8DFIC, an efficient non-fullerene acceptor material, has a strong near-infrared range (NIR) light absorption. It can be used as an n-type small molecule acceptor material for the fabrication of polymeric solar cells.

Synonyms
(BA)₂(MA)Pb₂I₇, 2D perovskite, Bis(butylammonium) methylammonium heptaiododiplumbate

General Description
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product has been enhanced for “Energy efficiency”.

Applications
2D perovskites have been used as the active material in may applications such as light emmiting diodes,[1] phototransistors,[2] and solar cells.[3] Unlike 3D perovskites, these layered materials give higher moisture stability and longer device lifetimes.

Synonyms
4,4,7,7,12,12-octyl-7,12-dihydro- bis[methylidyne(3-oxo-methyl-1H indene-2,1(3H)-diylidene)]]bis-4H-thieno[2″,3″:1′,2′]indeno[5′,6′:5,6]-s-indaceno[1,2-b]thiophene, FTIC-C8C8M

CAS No
2239303-91-2

General Description
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are currently a major focus of research in the development of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). In contrast to the widely used fullerene acceptors (FAs), the optical properties and electronic energy levels of NFAs can be designed and readily tuned. NFA-based OSCs can also achieve greater thermal stability and photochemical stability, as well as longer device lifetimes, than their FA-based counterparts. Recent developments have led to a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies for NFA OSCs, with values now exceeding 15% in a single junction cell, and >17% for a tandem cell, demonstrating the viability of using NFAs to replace FAs in next-generation high-performance OSCs.

Application
F-M is a non-fullerene acceptor that absorbs visible light, when used in a front cell paired with NIR absorbing rear cell, the resulted tandem organic solar cell gave a record energy conversion efficiency of 17.3%.[1]

Tandem Cell Device performance:
ITO/ZnO/PFN-Br/PBDB-T:F-M/M-PEDOT/ZnO/PTB7- Th:O6T-4F:PC71BM/MoO3/Ag
Voc=1.642 V
Jsc=14.35 mA/cm2
FF=73.7%
PCE=17.3%

Synonyms
Formamidine Hydroiodide, methanimidamide hydroiodide

General Description
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency. Click here for more details.

Application
Formamidinium iodide (FAI) is a compound that finds significant application in the field of photovoltaics, particularly in the development of perovskite solar cells. Formamidinium-based perovskite materials derived from FAI have also shown potential in other optoelectronic applications. These include light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors and lasers.
Organohalide based perovskites have emerged as an important class of material for solar cell applications[1][2][3][4]. Our perovskites precursors with extremely low water contents are useful for synthesizing mixed cation or anion perovskites needed for the optimization of the band gap, carrier diffusion length and power conversion efficiency of perovskites based solar cells.

Synonyms
Methanamine hydriodide, Greatcell Solar®, Methanaminium iodide, Methylamine hydriodide, Methylamine hydroiodide, Monomethylammonium iodide

General Description
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency. Click here for more details.

Application
Methylammonium iodide (MAI) can be used as a precursor in combination with lead iodide to change the morphology of the perovskite materials. Perovskite materials can further be utilized in the fabrication of alternative energy devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs).
Methylammonium iodide (MAI) is utilized in the production of various optoelectronic devices, including light-emitting diodes (LEDs), photodetectors and lasers. MAI is employed in the synthesis of perovskite-based semiconductors, which have garnered interest in the field of electronics due to their exceptional photovoltaic and optoelectronic properties. MAI can be used to sensitize other types of solar cells, such as dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), by enhancing light absorption and electron transfer processes.
The iodide and bromide based alkylated halides find applications as precursors for fabrication of perovskites for photovoltaic applications.

Legal Information
Product of Greatcell Solar®
Greatcell Solar is a registered trademark of Greatcell Solar

Synonyms
Methanamine, hydriodide

General Description
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of the 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product has been enhanced for energy efficiency. Click here for more details.

Application
Methylammonium iodide (MAI) has been widely used in the development of perovskite solar cells. MAI is typically used as a precursor material in the fabrication of perovskite thin films. It acts as a source of methylammonium cations (CH3NH3+) and iodide anions (I-) that are necessary for the formation of the perovskite crystal structure.
Methylammonium iodide, an organic halide-based perovskite material, can be used in the fabrication of high-performance organic solar cells.

Organohalide-based perovskites have emerged as an important class of material for solar cell applications. Our perovskite precursors with extremely low water contents are useful for synthesising mixed cation or anion perovskites needed for the optimization of the band gap, carrier diffusion length and power conversion efficiency of perovskite-based solar cells.

Synonyms
Methanamine hydriodide

Application
Methanamine hydriodide is an important precursor for the preparation of perovskite photoactive layers for solar energy conversion. Methylammonium iodide (MAI) is extensively used as a precursor material for the fabrication of perovskite solar cells. These solar cells offer high conversion efficiencies.

Methylammonium iodide can be used as a precursor in combination with lead iodide to change the morphology of the resulting perovskite materials. Perovskite materials can further be utilized in the fabrication of alternative energy devices such as light emitting diodes (LEDs), and perovskite solar cells (PSCs).

Other Notes
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Synonyms
BTP-4F, Y6, PCE 157

CAS No
2304444-49-1

General Description
Non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs) are currently a major focus of research in the development of bulk-heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs). In contrast to the widely used fullerene acceptors (FAs), the optical properties and electronic energy levels of NFAs can be designed and readily tuned. NFA-based OSCs can also achieve greater thermal stability and photochemical stability, as well as longer device lifetimes, than their FA-based counterparts.Recent developments have led to a rapid increase in power conversion efficiencies for NFA OSCs, with values now exceeding 15% in a single junction cell, and >17% for a tandem cell, demonstrating the viability of using NFAs to replace FAs in next-generation high-performance OSCs.
Y6 is a non-fullerene acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A) type small molecular acceptor (SMA) with flexible alkyl chains and a centrally fused ring. It has a ladder-type electron-deficient core, which can be blended with PM6 for organic photovoltaic applications.

Applications
Y6 is a non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) that uses an electron-deficient molecular core to obtain a low band gap with improved electron affinity. OPV devices made from Y6 can reach exceptionally high performances in single-junction devices, with a maximum PCE reported of 15.7% (14.9% certified by Enli Tech Laboratory) when paired with PM6. Y6 is versatile and can be employed in both conventional and inverted OPV device architectures and can maintain a high PCE with varying active layer thicknesses (13.6% in thick 300 nm layers).
Y6 is used as an electron acceptor material in organic solar cells. It has shown promising results in improving the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells. Y6 and its derivatives are also used in material engineering studies to understand the relationships between molecular structure, morphology and device performance in organic photovoltaics.

Synonyms
Cadmium free QDs, Fluorescent nanocrystals, Perovskite nanocrystals, QDs

Applications
For Perovskite quantum dots:
Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) of common formula CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) possess high photoluminescence efficiency and narrow emission and emit in the visible spectral regime. Perovskite QDs are cadmium free and the aforementioned properties render them suitable for applications in light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) etc.

Synonyms
Cadmium free QDs, Fluorescent nanocrystals, Perovskite nanocrystals, QDs

Applications
For Perovskite quantum dots:
Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) of common formula CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) possess high photoluminescence efficiency and narrow emission and emit in the visible spectral regime. Perovskite QDs are cadmium free and the aforementioned properties render them suitable for applications in light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) etc.

Synonyms
Cadmium free QDs, Fluorescent nanocrystals, Perovskite nanocrystals, QDs

Applications
For Perovskite quantum dots:
Perovskite quantum dots (QDs) of common formula CsPbX3 (X = Cl, Br, I) possess high photoluminescence efficiency and narrow emission and emit in the visible spectral regime. Perovskite QDs are cadmium free and the aforementioned properties render them suitable for applications in light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, liquid crystal displays (LCDs) etc.

Synonyms
P3HT

General Description
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a regioregular semiconducting polymer. It is used in organic electronics primarily because of its regular end-to-end arrangement of side chain, which allows efficient p- p stacking of the conjugated backbones. On account of the alkyl side group, P3HT is rendered hydrophobic in neutral state. Solution-to-solid phase transformation and thin film formation of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was reported in a study.
Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) is a poly(alkylthiophene) based semiconducting polymer that is hydrophobic at neutral state and has π-π conjugation in its backbone. It has a hole mobility is in the range of 10-3-10-1 cm2V-1s-1 and is commonly used in the development of field-effect transistors (FETs) for a wide range of applications.
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product belongs to Enabling category of greener alternatives thus aligns with “Design for energy efficency”. Hole transport organic materials allow perfect energy level alignment with the absorber layer and therefore efficient charge collection, are prone to degradation in ambient conditions.

Applications
For the characterization and solid-state properties of this polymer, see J. Am. Chem. Soc. .
P3HT, an electron donor that acts as a semiconducting active layer in combination with an electron acceptor like fullerene derivative (6,6)-phenyl C61-butyric acid methylester (PCBM), can be used to fabricate bulk heterojunction (HJT) based organic solar cells (OSCs).[4][5][6][7] Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and electric sensor devices can be developed by using Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films of P3HT and poly(3-octylthiophene)(P3OT). It can also be used with polystyrene to process a nano-scaled polymeric coating through spray coating onto carbon nanotube (CNT) powders.
Poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) may be used to fabricate ZnO nanowire arrays based photodiode. Regio- regular poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) may find extensive use as a semiconducting layer in organic thin film field effect transistor (FETs).
Rechargeable battery electrodes, electrochromic devices, chemical and optical sensors, light-emitting diodes, microelectrical amplifiers, field-effect transistors and non-linear optical materials.

Features & Benefits
Greater than 90% head-to-tail regiospecific conformation.
Good processibility, environmental stability and electroactivity.

Synonyms
Poly({4,8-bis[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene-2,6-diyl}{3-fluoro-2-[(2-ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4-b]thiophenediyl})

General Description
PTB7 is a semiconducting polymer used in organic photovoltaics with an energy efficiency of 9.15%. It can act as an electron donor with narrow optical band gaps and excellent π-π conjugation while forming a nanocomposite with fullerenes.[1][2]
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product belongs to enabling category of greener alternatives thus aligns with “Design for energy efficency”. Hole transport organic materials allow perfect energy level alignment with the absorber layer and therefore efficient charge collection, are prone to degradation in ambient conditions.

Applications