Solar Materials

Synonyms
Poly(triaryl amine), Poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine]

Cas No.
1333317-99-9

General description
PTAA, poly(triaryl amine), semiconductor is an organic p-type semiconductor with hole mobilities of 10−3 up to 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1 which results in a high carrier mobility. It is a stable glassy polymer and has good ionization potential for thick film diodes.
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product belongs to Enabling category of greener alternatives thus aligns with “Design for energy efficency”. Hole transport organic materials allow perfect energy level alignment with the absorber layer and therefore efficient charge collection, are prone to degradation in ambient conditions.Click here for more information.

Application
Polytriarylamine Semiconductors
PTAA can be coated as a substrate material which is used for the transportation of hole in the fabrication of many devices like perovskite solar cells, polymeric light emitting diodes and organic field effect transistors.

Synonyms
N2,N2,N2′,N2′,N7,N7,N7′,N7′-octakis(4-methoxyphenyl)-9,9′-spirobi[9H-fluorene]-2,2′,7,7′-tetramine, Spiro-MeOTAD, Spiro-OMeTAD

Cas No.
207739-72-8

General description
Both SHT-263S and SHT-263 can be offered in bulk quantities.
SHT-263 Solarpur® is an organic spiro molecule that is used as a hole transporting material (HTM). Its properties include high stability, good solubility, and an amorphous structure. It is majorly used in the fabrication of high-performance solar cells.
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products,which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product is an enabling product used as a Hole Transport Material for high-performance solar cells and thus has been enhanced for energy efficiency. Click here for more information.

Application
SHT-263 Solarpur® is a spiro based hole transporting material (HTM) with a HOMO level of -5.2 eV and a LUMO level of -2.3 eV. It is mainly used in the fabrication of perovskite-based solar cell.

Legal Information
Solarpur is a registered trademark of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany

Synonyms
Poly[(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-co-(4,4′-(N-(4-sec-butylphenyl)diphenylamine)]

Cas No.
220797-16-0

General description
TFB, a hole transporting material and an electron-blocking layer, has high hole mobility, low electron affinity, and high ionic potential. Its electron blocking nature results in effective confinement of injected charge carriers in the perovskite layers.
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which adhere to one or more of The 12 Principles of Greener Chemistry. This product belongs to Enabling category of greener alternatives thus aligns with “Design for energy efficency”. Hole transport organic materials allow perfect energy level alignment with the absorber layer and therefore efficient charge collection, are prone to degradation in ambient conditions. Click here for more information.

Application
TFB can be used in the formation of multilayer quantum dot-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs). It can also be used in the fabrication of highly responsive gas sensors for breath analysis.

Synonyms
Stannous iodide, Tin diiodide

General Description
Tin(II) iodide AnhydroBeads™−10 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis, comes as beads with red to purple in colour with applications in semiconductor research, solar cells, material science, chemical synthesis, catalysis, and photonics. Tin (II) iodide is widely used as a precursor to prepare lead-free, non-toxic hybrid perovskite materials. Tin-based perovskites show excellent electrical and optical properties such as high charge carrier mobility, absorption coefficient, and small exciton binding energies.

Applications
Tin(II) iodide (SnI₂) is a versatile compound with a range of applications in research, particularly in semiconductor technology, solar cells, chemical synthesis, catalysis, etc. SnI₂ is used in perovskite solar cells as a precursor for tin-based perovskites or as an additive to improve device stability and performance. The addition of a small amount of 2D tin film induces well-defined orientation and superior crystallinity in formamidinium tin iodide (FASnI3) films. This results in the longer life of charge carriers and improves the performance of the hybrid perovskite solar cell (HPSC).  It can also be used to prepare solution-processable lamellar hybrid

[CH3(CH2)11NH3]SnI3semiconductor.Its catalytic properties can be leveraged to develop new synthetic methodologies such as reductions, cyclisations, and coupling reactions. It is suitable to be use in photonic applications, including sensors and photovoltaic devices. It is used as a deposition material for preparing thin films for use in electronic and optoelectronic devices. Techniques like chemical vapour deposition (CVD) and physical vapour deposition (PVD) are explored for creating high-quality films. In a study, it is found that when a novel catalytic system comprised of tin sulfide (SnS) nanoflakes as a solid catalyst and tin iodide (SnI2) as a dual-functional electrolyte additive, the Li-air battery enables operating at high current rates up to 10 000 mA g−1 (corresponding to 1 mA cm−2). Also it has been observed that that the role of the SnI2 is not only reacting with the lithium anode to provide protection but reducing the charge potential by promoting catalytic decomposition of the Li2O2.

Features & Benefits
Tin(II) iodide AnhydroBeads™, −10 mesh, 99.99% trace metals basis is designed and tested under stringent dry manufacturing conditions to ensure low water content, trace metal purity of 99.99%, and low surface area-to-volume ratio. The salt possesses excellent electrical and optical properties such as high charge carrier mobility, absorption coefficient, and small exciton binding energies. The advantages of our AnhydroBeads™ salts are as follows:

1) Reduced uptake rate of environmental moisture minimises caking, dusting, and static buildup for repeated easy handling.

2) Higher crucible packing densities and lower volatility in high-temperature solid-state procedures.

3) Easier pneumatic loading of salts to sample chambers due to fewer clogging issues associated with powdered salt counterparts.

Legal Information
AnhydroBeads is a trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC

Synonyms
Avantama N-31, Ink for charge selective layers in printed electronics, SnO2 ink, Tin oxide nanoparticle dispersion

Cas No.
–

Application

• This SnO2 nanoparticle ink is for charge selective layers in printed electronics.
• This SnO2 nanoparticle ink is for spin-coating, doctor blading, slot-die or inkjet printing.

Legal Information
Product of Avantama Ltd.

Disclaimer

• Storage: In dark at room temperature.
• Prior to application: Shake, and filter through 0.2 or 0.45 μm PP filter. Do not use PTFE filter.
• Ink can be diluted with butanol.
• Thickness optimization may be necessary.
• Drying of deposited SnO2 films at >100 °C.

Synonyms
Stannic dioxide, Tin dioxide, Stannic oxide

Cas No.
18282-10-5

General description
Tin(IV) oxide, also known as stannic oxide, is a yellow-green powder that crystallizes in the rutile structure. It is a wide bandgap (3.6 eV) semiconductor with high transparency in the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum and relatively high electronic conductivity. Its chemical stability and high purity of ≥99.99% trace metals basis make it suitable for use in demanding conditions, such as semiconductor and biomedical applications, where it is widely used in medical imaging devices, biosensors, and diagnostic tools. It is also utilized in battery technologies, including lithium-ion batteries, as a conversion-type anode material due to its high energy storage capacity and stability and a precursor for making tin compounds and complex metal oxides.
We are committed to bringing you Greener Alternative Products, which belong to one of the four categories of greener alternatives. Tin oxide enhances lithium-ion batteries with high energy density, improved cycling stability, and efficient charge/discharge rates, supporting more sustainable energy storage. Click here for more information.

Application
Fluorinated Cation-Based 2D Perovskites for Efficient and Stable 3D/2D Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cells.: This research explores the application of tin(IV) oxide in creating efficient and stable perovskite solar cells, focusing on the improvement of the solar cells′ overall performance (Shaw PE et al., 2023).
Tin(IV) Oxide Electron Transport Layer via Industrial-Scale Pulsed Laser Deposition for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells.: The study discusses the use of tin(IV) oxide as an electron transport layer applied through industrial-scale pulsed laser deposition, enhancing the functionality and efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells (Bolink HJ et al., 2023).
Periodic Acid Modification of Chemical-Bath Deposited SnO2 Electron Transport Layers for Perovskite Solar Cells and Mini Modules.: This paper presents a methodology for the modification of SnO2 electron transport layers, used to increase the efficiency of perovskite solar cells and mini-modules (Lin H et al., 2023).
Zwitterion-Functionalized SnO2 Substrate Induced Sequential Deposition of Black-Phase FAPbI3 with Rearranged PbI2 Residue.: Research on enhancing the deposition of black-phase FAPbI3 on zwitterion-functionalized SnO2 substrates, focusing on perovskite solar cell improvements (Zhao Y et al., 2022).
Improved stability and efficiency of polymer-based selenium solar cells through the usage of tin(iv) oxide in the electron transport layers and the analysis of aging dynamics.: The study investigates the role of tin(IV) oxide in enhancing the stability and efficiency of polymer-based selenium solar cells (Zhang Q et al., 2020).

Synonyms
Greatcell Solar®, TiO2 paste

CAS No
–

General Description
Transparent titania (TiO2) paste is a visual range transparent paste that has a large surface area to volume ratio. The average diameter of the TiO2 nanoparticle within the paste is 20nm and the transparent sintered films are around 6-7 μm thick per printed layer.

Application
TiO2 paste forms a screen printed film which is majorly used as a conduction band on indium tin oxide (ITO) or fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) based substrates for dye sensitized solar cells and for major photovoltaic based applications.
Use Transparent Titania Paste in applications that require a transparent sintered titania film with a large surface/volume ratio.

Transparent Titania Paste is formulated to yield sintered film thicknesses of 6-7μm when screen printed with a 43T mesh. Transparent Titania Paste has highly dispersed and stable anatase nanoparticles.

It is optimised for screen printing using a synthetic 43T mesh screen (or similar). After drying; this paste must be fired at or above 500°C. This results in a transparent sintered layer; with a film thickness of approximately 6-7μm for one printed layer and ~12μm for two printed layers; when using a 43T mesh screen.

The paste exhibits optimal rheological properties that provide good surface uniformity and contains organic binders specially formulated to provide versatile porosity suitable for a range of dye/electrolyte systems.

Storage: Store in the dark at 20°C

Legal Information
Product of Greatcell Solar Materials Pty Ltd.Greatcell Solar is a registered trademark of Greatcell Solar Materials Pty Ltd.
Greatcell Solar is a registered trademark of Greatcell Solar

Synonyms
Nanotitania, TiO₂ anatase, TiO2 nanopowder, Titania, Titanium(IV) oxide, anatase, Titanium dioxide

CAS No
1317-70-0

General Description
Our titanium(IV) oxide, anatase nanopowder is a fine white powder composed of titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a particle size less than 25 nm. Anatase is a metastable polymorph of TiO2, which is less hard and less dense than the rutile polymorph. Optically, anatase nanopowder has a lower refractive index, absorbs less UV light, and exhibits greater photocatalytic activity than the rutile polymorph. Consequently, anatase is often preferred in applications where photocatalytic activity is desired, such as self-cleaning surfaces and solar cells.

Application
Titania paste may be used as a transparent coating for self cleaning glass. Low optical scattering titania-acrylate nanocomposites have been reported. Metal contacts in solar cells based on titanium dioxide and di-(isothiocyanate)-bis-(2,2′-bipyridyl-4,4′-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) have been studied.

Synonyms
Titania, Titanium(IV) oxide, mixture of rutile and anatase, Titanium dioxide

CAS No
13463-67-7

General Description
Titanium(IV) oxide, mixture of rutile and anatase (TiO2) is a titania based nanoparticle solution that is dispersed in water.

Application
TiO2 suspensions can be used for a variety of applications such as:

• photo-catalytic applications
• cosmetics, textile, and paints
• fabrication of flexible humidity sensors

Synonyms
Avantama P-10, Nanograde P-10, Tungsten oxide nanoparticle dispersion, Tungsten oxide suspension, WO3 dispersion, WO3 ink

Cas No.
–

General description
This WO3-x nanoparticle ink is for slot-dye, spin-coating and doctor blading for the use as hole transport layer in printed electronics. Tungsten oxide nanoparticle ink is a hole-selective interface layer ink based on a colloidal suspension of tungsten oxide (WO3) nanoparticles in isopropanol. The average size of WO3 particle is optimized around 12-16 nm. Tungsten oxide nanoparticle exhibits high work function, processability and easy layer formation on hydrophilic as well as hydrophobic substrates.This WO3-x nanoparticle ink is universally applicable in normal and inverted architecture solar cells.
Annealing temperature <100°C.

Application
WO3 nanoparticle ink can be applied in OPV cells as hole extraction layer (HEL) materials. Tungsten oxide nanoparticle ink can be mixed with PEDOT:PSS formulations in order to fine tune electronic and morphological dry layer properties (e.g. conductivity, surface roughness or layer porosity).

Other Notes
Prior to application: Ultrasonicate and (optionally) filter through 0.45 μm PTFE filter
Working conditions: Application and film drying under nitrogen (or low humidity)
Post-treatment: Annealing of deposited WO3-x films at 80°C – 120°C

Legal Information
Product of Avantama Ltd.

Synonyms
Avantama N-10, Nanograde N-10, Zinc oxide suspension, ZnO dispersion, ZnO ink, ZnO nanoparticle ink

CAS No
–

General Description
Zinc oxide nanoparticle ink are nanoparticle-based printing inks allowing processing temperatures of 80°C. Zinc oxide nanoparticle ink is an electron selective interface layer ink containing zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles in isopropanol. ZnO nanoparticle ink functions well as electron extraction layer (EEL) materials in solar cells.

Applications
This ZnO nanoparticle ink is for slot-dye, spin-coating, and doctor blading for the use as electron transport layer in printed electronics. This ZnO nanoparticle ink is universally applicable in normal and inverted architecture.
Annealing temperature <100°C.

Other Notes
Prior to application: Ultrasonicate and (optionally) filter through 0.45 μm PTFE filter
Post-treatment: Annealing of deposited ZnO films at 80°C – 120°C

Legal Information
Product of Avantama Ltd.